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State legislatures employed literacy tests as part of the voter registration process starting in the late 19th century. Literacy tests, along with poll taxes, residency and property restrictions, and extra-legal activities (violence and intimidation) [5] [better source needed] were all used to deny suffrage to African Americans.
The Neale Analysis of Reading Ability (NARA) is a tool to assess reading comprehension and reading accuracy. It was invented by Marie D. Neale. It was invented by Marie D. Neale. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Part way through the first passage in the Comprehension subtest, reading rate is also assessed. The primary uses of the Nelson–Denny are as a screening test for reading problems, as a predictor of academic success, and as a measure of progress resulting from educational interventions. These functions overlap to some degree.
The assessment focuses on three main areas of literacy: process of comprehension, purposes for reading, and reading behaviors and attitudes. The background questionnaire is used to determine the reading behaviors and attitudes. The written test is designed to address the process of comprehension and the purposes for reading.
WJIII is mostly used to administer cognitive abilities, reading achievements and oral language use in both children and adults. This test has three subtests which are Form A (Letter Word Identification), Form B (Passage Comprehension) and Form C (Word Attack). [13] These three subtests can be either jointly used or used separately. [13]
NAEP reading assessment results are reported as average scores on a 0–500 scale. [46] The Basic Level is 208 and the Proficient Level is 238. [47] The average reading score for grade-four public school students was 219. [48] Female students had an average score that was 7 points higher than male students.
The assessment provided information about students' fluency in reading aloud and examined the relationship between oral reading, accuracy, rate, fluency, and reading comprehension. America's Charter Schools was a pilot study conducted as a part of the 2003 NAEP assessments in mathematics and reading at the fourth-grade level.
Reading comprehension and vocabulary are inextricably linked together. The ability to decode or identify and pronounce words is self-evidently important, but knowing what the words mean has a major and direct effect on knowing what any specific passage means while skimming a reading material.
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