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The ferric chloride test is used to determine the presence of phenols in a given sample or compound (for instance natural phenols in a plant extract). Enols , hydroxamic acids , oximes, and sulfinic acids give positive results as well. [ 1 ]
In chemistry, iron(III) or ferric refers to the element iron in its +3 oxidation state. Ferric chloride is an alternative name for iron(III) chloride ( FeCl 3 ). The adjective ferrous is used instead for iron(II) salts, containing the cation Fe 2+ .
Dilute solutions of ferric chloride produce soluble nanoparticles with molecular weight of 10 4, which exhibit the property of "aging", i.e., the structure change or evolve over the course of days. [13] The polymeric species formed by the hydrolysis of ferric chlorides are key to the use of ferric chloride for water treatment.
Iron reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to give the corresponding ferric halides, ferric chloride being the most common. [13] 2 Fe + 3 X 2 → 2 FeX 3 (X = F, Cl, Br) Ferric iodide is an exception, being thermodynamically unstable due to the oxidizing power of Fe 3+ and the high reducing power of I −: [13] 2 I − + 2 Fe 3+ → I 2 ...
Solubility of iron species is directly governed by the solution's pH. Fe 3+ is about 100 times less soluble than Fe 2+ in natural water at near-neutral pH, the ferric ion concentration is the limiting factor for the reaction rate. Under high pH conditions, the stability of the H 2 O 2 is also affected, resulting in its self-decomposition. [14]
An example of back titration, the Volhard method, named after Jacob Volhard, involves the addition of excess silver nitrate to the analyte; the silver chloride is filtered, and the remaining silver nitrate is titrated against ammonium thiocyanate, [1] with ferric ammonium sulfate as an indicator which forms blood-red [Fe(OH 2) 5 (SCN)] 2+ at the end point:
Bial's reagent consists of 0.4 g orcinol, 200 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 0.5 ml of a 10% solution of ferric chloride. [2] Bial's test is used to distinguish pentoses from hexoses; this distinction is based on the color that develops in the presence of orcinol and iron (III) chloride. Furfural from pentoses gives a blue or green color.
Aqueous ferric chloride was added to a urine sample, and the formation of the iron complex turned the solution purple. [2] This test was not specific to acetylsalicylic acid but would occur in the presence of any phenol or enol. The downfall of this test occurs in the presence of hyperbilirubinemia or elevated bilirubin.