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Klieg lights. A Klieg light is an intense carbon arc lamp especially used in filmmaking.It is named after inventor John Kliegl and his brother Anton Kliegl.Klieg lights usually have a Fresnel lens with a spherical reflector or an ellipsoidal reflector with a lens train containing two plano-convex lenses or a single step lens.
An arc lamp or arc light is a lamp that produces light by an electric arc (also called a voltaic arc). The carbon arc light, which consists of an arc between carbon electrodes in air, invented by Humphry Davy in the first decade of the 1800s, was the first practical electric light .
In 1911 Kliegl invented the carbon arc lamp still known as Klieg light, which produced double the brightness with the same energy needs as contemporary lamps of that time, and was specifically used for stage lighting and filming. In the silent film era he developed many new special effects for movies such as Ben Hur and Wizard of Oz. [citation ...
[33] [29] The takeover of the incandescent lamp would be inexorable. [36] [37] [29] From about 1908, motion picture studios were using the company's floor-stand arc lamps, which allowed for point-source lighting, including some of the first low-light effects; the shadow produced by the two pairs of carbon rods can be seen in some early films. [38]
The Xenon arc lamp was introduced in Germany in 1957 and in the US in 1963. After film platters became commonplace in the 1970s, Xenon lamps became the most common light source, as they could stay lit for extended periods of time, whereas a carbon rod used for a carbon arc could last for an hour at the most.
The disadvantages of these lamps are related to a short duration, which implied replacing them after short periods of time. When lit they produce buzzing noise, dangerous UV rays, carbon monoxide emissions and radio frequency interference. During use they were a constant fire hazard principally due to sparks and high operating temperature. [5]
In the late 1960s German television producers requested lamp developer OSRAM to create a safer and cleaner replacement for carbon arc lighting used by the film industry. Osram developed and began producing HMI lamps at their request. [2] Philips produced a variation on the HMI, a single-ended version called MSR (medium source rare-earth). It ...
Limelight (also known as Drummond light or calcium light) [1] is a non-electric type of stage lighting that was once used in theatres and music halls. An intense illumination is created when a flame fed by oxygen and hydrogen is directed at a cylinder of quicklime ( calcium oxide ), [ 2 ] due to a combination of incandescence and ...