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In soil under aerobic conditions, imidacloprid is persistent with a half-life of the order of 1–3 years. On the soil surface, the half-life is 39 days. [53] Major soil metabolites include imidacloprid nitrosimine, imidacloprid desnitro and imidacloprid urea, which ultimately degrade to 6-chloronicotinic acid, CO 2, and bound residues.
Acephate is an organophosphate foliar and soil insecticide of moderate persistence with residual systemic activity of about 10–15 days at the recommended use rate. It is used primarily for control of aphids, including resistant species, in vegetables (e.g. potatoes, carrots, greenhouse tomatoes, and lettuce) and in horticulture (e.g. on roses and greenhouse ornamentals).
In comparison, the LD50 of imidacloprid is 17,9 ng per bee. The difference in these comparable substances may be explained by a slightly weaker affinity of acetamiprid for nAChr when compared with imidacloprid. [10] Neonicotinoids with a nitroguanidine group, such as imidacloprid, are most toxic to honey bees.
A systemic pesticide, which is incorporated into the soil or coated on seeds, may kill soil-dwelling insects, such as grubs or mole crickets as well as other insects, including bees, that are exposed to the leaves, fruits, pollen, and nectar of the treated plants. [4]
Imidacloprid can be added to the water used to irrigate plants. Controlled-release formulations of imidacloprid take 2–10 days to release 50% of imidacloprid in water. [36] It is applied against soil pests, seed, timber, and animal pests as well as foliar treatments.
Clothianidin is authorized for spray, dust, soil drench (for uptake via plant roots), injectable liquid (into tree limbs and trunks, sugar cane stalks etc.), and seed treatment uses, in which clothianidin coats seeds that take up the pesticide via the roots as the plant grows. The chemical may be used to protect plants against a wide variety of ...
Thiamethoxam was developed by Ciba-Geigy (now Syngenta) in 1991 [9] and launched in 1998; [10] a patent dispute arose with Bayer which already had patents covering other neonicotinoids including imidacloprid and clothianidin. In 2002 the dispute was settled, with Syngenta paying Bayer $120 million in exchange for worldwide rights to ...
The active ingredients are imidacloprid, permethrin, and pyriproxyfen. This product is toxic to cats, [ 2 ] and it is not recommended to use it on dogs which share an environment with cats. [ 1 ] The product is applied onto the skin; administration of the product into the mouth can cause adverse effects.