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A fusion energy gain factor, usually expressed with the symbol Q, is the ratio of fusion power produced in a nuclear fusion reactor to the power required to maintain the plasma in steady state. The condition of Q = 1, when the power being released by the fusion reactions is equal to the required heating power, is referred to as breakeven , or ...
Energy per reaction is the energy released in each fusion reaction; This equation is typically averaged over a population of ions which has a normal distribution. The result is the amount of energy being created by the plasma at any instant in time. Lawson then estimated [5] the radiation losses using the following equation:
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Fusion energy gain factor: 2022: 1.54: NIF [286] Discharge time (field reversed configuration) 2016: 3 × 10 −1 s: Princeton Field Reversed Configuration [307] Fusion was not observed. Discharge time is not confinement time. Discharge time (stellarator) 2019 >1 × 10 2 s: Wendelstein 7-X [308] [309] Discharge time (tokamak) 2022 >1 × 10 3 s ...
Sankey diagram of the laser energy to hohlraum x-ray to target capsule energy coupling efficiency. Note the "laser energy" is after conversion to UV, which loses about 50% of the original IR power. The conversion of x-ray heat to energy in the fuel loses another 90% – of the 1.9 MJ of laser light, only about 10 kJ ends up in the fuel itself.
In 1997, JET set the record of 16 megawatts of transient fusion power with a gain factor of Q = 0.62 and 4 megawatts steady state fusion power with Q = 0.18 for 4 seconds. [3] In 2021, JET sustained Q = 0.33 for 5 seconds and produced 59 megajoules of energy, beating the record 21.7 megajoules released in 1997 over around 4 seconds. [4]
The energy factor metric only applies to residential water heaters, which are currently defined by fuel, type, and input capacity. [5] Generally, the EF number represents the thermal efficiency of the water heater as a percentage, since it is an average of the ratio of the theoretical heat required to raise the temperature of water drawn to the amount of energy actually consumed by the water ...
In fracture mechanics, the energy release rate, , is the rate at which energy is transformed as a material undergoes fracture.Mathematically, the energy release rate is expressed as the decrease in total potential energy per increase in fracture surface area, [1] [2] and is thus expressed in terms of energy per unit area.