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The global irradiance on a horizontal surface on Earth consists of the direct irradiance E e,dir and diffuse irradiance E e,diff. On a tilted plane, there is another irradiance component, E e,refl, which is the component that is reflected from the ground. The average ground reflection is about 20% of the global irradiance.
This integrated solar irradiance is called solar irradiation, solar radiation, solar exposure, solar insolation, or insolation. Irradiance may be measured in space or at the Earth's surface after atmospheric absorption and scattering. Irradiance in space is a function of distance from the Sun, the solar cycle, and cross-cycle changes. [2]
Solar irradiance spectrum above atmosphere and at surface. The overall intensity of solar radiation is like that of a black body radiator of the same size at about 5,800 K. [1] As it passes through the atmosphere, sunlight is attenuated by scattering and absorption; the more atmosphere through which it passes, the greater the attenuation.
In radiometry, radiance is the radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received by a given surface, per unit solid angle per unit projected area. Radiance is used to characterize diffuse emission and reflection of electromagnetic radiation, and to quantify emission of neutrinos and other particles.
Some studies associate solar cycle-driven irradiation increases with part of twentieth century warming. [26] [27] Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate: Solar irradiance changes directly affecting the climate ("radiative forcing"). This is generally considered to be a minor effect, as the measured amplitudes of ...
In radiometry, radiant exposure or fluence is the radiant energy received by a surface per unit area, or equivalently the irradiance of a surface, integrated over time of irradiation, and spectral exposure is the radiant exposure per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength.
Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation. An irradiator is a device used to expose an object to radiation, notably gamma radiation , for a variety of purposes. [ 1 ]
Radiant intensity is used to characterize the emission of radiation by an antenna: [2], = (), where E e is the irradiance of the antenna;; r is the distance from the antenna.; Unlike power density, radiant intensity does not depend on distance: because radiant intensity is defined as the power through a solid angle, the decreasing power density over distance due to the inverse-square law is ...