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The Institute of Education Sciences (the independent, non-partisan statistics, research, and evaluation arm of the U.S. Department of Education), describes the approach as follows: "Orton-Gillingham is a broad, multisensory approach to teaching reading and spelling that can be modified for individual or group instruction at all reading levels.
Guided instruction gives the teacher an opportunity to differentiated instruction small group instruction, vary the level of prompting and also vary the end product. The teacher must be flexible since the instructional goal of the group may change throughout the sessions. [11] In a classroom there may be many different guided instruction groups.
Extensive research has shown that morphology-based instruction, such as SWI, can significantly improve literacy skills. A systematic review of the literature, The Effects of Morphological Instruction on Literacy Skills (2010), found that teaching morphology helps students connect spelling, meaning, and pronunciation in ways that enhance reading and writing. [4]
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
Teaching a combination of reading comprehension techniques is the most effective, however more research is needed to determine which techniques are the most effective. In 2014 the California Department of Education stated "Ensuring that children know how to decode regularly spelled one-syllable words by mid-first grade is crucial".
Scripted teaching can be traced back to 1888 where Samuel and Adeline Monroe published text for teachers that provided them with scripts for teaching reading readiness, phonics, and oral reading. [1] In this method of teaching, the teacher is expected to read the lesson scripts verbatim. It is a form of direct instruction meant to guide ...
Instructional scaffolding is the support given to a student by an instructor throughout the learning process. This support is specifically tailored to each student; this instructional approach allows students to experience student-centered learning, which tends to facilitate more efficient learning than teacher-centered learning.
Detail from Zaner's 1896 article: The Line of Direction in Writing [3] A major factor contributing to the development of the Zaner-Bloser teaching script was Zaner's study of the body movements required to create the form of cursive letters when using the 'muscular arm method' of handwriting – such as the Palmer Method – which was prevalent in the United States from the late 19th century.