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Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a particular disease within the NMOSD spectrum. It is characterised by optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive myelitis. In more than 80% of NMO cases, the cause is immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to aquaporin 4 ( anti-AQP4 ), the most abundant water channel protein in the central nervous system.
In neuromyelitis optica higher AQP4 autoantibody levels are associated with the occurrence of optic neuritis. [16] Less common causes are: papilledema, brain tumor or abscess in the occipital region, cerebral trauma or hemorrhage, meningitis, arachnoidal adhesions, sinus thrombosis, liver dysfunction, or late stage kidney disease.
Most patients are seronegative for NMO-IgG and GFAP, biomarkers for neuromyelitis optica. [3] ANA, indicative of autoimmune optic neuropathy, is also generally negative. [3] CSF can also be evaluated for oligoclonal bands typical of multiple sclerosis, which will not be present in CRION. [1]
Encephalomyelitis is inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.Various types of encephalomyelitis include: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or postinfectious encephalomyelitis, a demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, possibly triggered by viral infection.
The main symptom is loss of vision, with colors appearing subtly washed out in the affected eye. A pale disc is characteristic of long-standing optic neuropathy. In many cases, only one eye is affected and a person may not be aware of the loss of color vision until the examiner asks them to cover the healthy eye.
Multiple sclerosis and Neuromyelitis optica are autoimmune diseases which both frequently present with optic neuritis, an inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy of the optic nerve. [3] Multiple sclerosis is a disease of unknown etiology which is characterized by neurological lesions "disseminated in time and space". [24]
MRI image of transverse myelitis patient's spinal cord. Myelitis lesions usually occur in a narrow region but can be spread and affect many areas. Acute flaccid myelitis: a polio-like syndrome that causes muscle weakness and paralysis. Poliomyelitis: [1] disease caused by viral infection in the gray matter with symptoms of muscle paralysis or ...
After the discovery of anti-AQP4 auto-antibodies there are two kinds of Optic-Spinal MS (OSMS): Anti-AQP4 positive OSMS or Neuromyelitis optica; Anti-AQP4 negative OSMS, currently idiopathic, considered inside the Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system spectrum.
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