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The former king Hyrcanus II was confirmed as ethnarch of the Jews by Julius Caesar in 48 BC. [7] In 37 BC, the Herodian Kingdom was established as a Roman client kingdom and in 6 AD parts became a province of the Roman Empire, named Iudaea Province. [8]
Jewish history is the history of the Jews, their nation, religion, and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions, and cultures. Jews originated from the Israelites and Hebrews of historical Israel and Judah , two related kingdoms that emerged in the Levant during the Iron Age .
Julius Caesar is seen as the main example of Caesarism, a form of political rule led by a charismatic strongman whose rule is based upon a cult of personality, whose rationale is the need to rule by force, establishing a violent social order, and being a regime involving prominence of the military in the government. [291]
The Jewish community in Rome has a rich history that is reflected in numerous notable monuments and sites throughout the city. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 6 ] [ 1 ] These landmarks provide a glimpse into the community's long-standing presence and cultural contributions, spanning from ancient times to the modern era.
During the siege of Alexandria in 47 BCE, the lives of Julius Caesar and his protégé Cleopatra were saved by 3,000 Jewish troops sent by Hyrcanus II and commanded by Antipater, whose descendants Caesar made kings of Judea. [108]
When Julius Caesar and Pompey went to war in 49/48 BCE, Antipater at first sided with Pompey; when Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus, Antipater shifted his allegiance to Caesar. While Caesar was besieged in Alexandria in 47 BCE, Antipater and Mithridates of Pergamon rescued him with 13,000 men and the aid of numerous nearby friends.
The Kingdom of Judah was located in the Judean Mountains, stretching from Jerusalem to Hebron and into the Negev Desert.The central ridge, ranging from forested and shrubland-covered mountains gently sloping towards the hills of the Shephelah in the west, to the dry and arid landscapes of the Judaean Desert descending into the Jordan Valley to the east, formed the kingdom's core.
45 BCE: Antipater the Idumaean is appointed Procurator of Judaea by Julius Caesar, after Julius Caesar is appointed dictator of the Roman Republic following Caesar's Civil War. [citation needed] 43 BCE: Antipater the Idumaean is killed by poison, and is succeeded by his sons Phasael and Herod. [citation needed]