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A dough with very high hydration. In a recipe, the baker's percentage for water is referred to as the "hydration"; it is indicative of the stickiness of the dough and the "crumb" of the bread. Lower hydration rates (e.g., 50–57%) are typical for bagels and pretzels, and medium hydration levels (58–65%) are typical for breads and rolls. [25]
The sponge and dough method is a two-step bread making process: in the first step a sponge is made and allowed to ferment for a period of time, and in the second step the sponge is added to the final dough's ingredients, [1] creating the total formula. [2] In this usage, synonyms for sponge are yeast starter or yeast pre-ferment.
If an increased amount of starter is required, simply add new dough. 40-parts-to-60-parts of old-dough-to-new-dough by weight, or 2-to-3, is known as the back-slopping ratio, and changes to that ratio change the pH of the just-refreshed dough. [13] To make a primary-culture levain, Raymond Calvel used salt, but less of it than would be typical ...
As the Dutch Republic entered its Golden Age, lavish dishes became available to the wealthy middle class as well.The Dutch East India Company monopolised the trade in nutmeg, clove, mace and cinnamon, [15] provided in 1661 more than half of the refined sugar consumed in Europe, [16] and was the first to import coffee on a large scale to Europe, popularising the concept of coffee houses for the ...
Recipes for beef stew with bacon, mushrooms, and pearl onions; hearty beef stew; beef carbonnade; and beef goulash. Featuring an Equipment Corner covering dutch ovens and a Science Desk segment exploring how browning meat seals in juiciness.
Close-up view of an Irish stew, with a Guinness stout. Stewing is an ancient method of cooking meats that is common throughout the world. After the idea of the cauldron was imported from continental Europe and Britain, the cauldron (along with the already established spit) became the dominant cooking tool in ancient Ireland, with ovens being practically unknown to the ancient Gaels. [5]
The Department of Education introduced a new Leaving Certificate grading scale in 2017. The new scale has eight grades, the highest being a Grade 1, the lowest being a Grade 8. The highest seven grades 1-7 divide the marks range 100% to 30% into seven equal grade bands 10% wide, with a grade 8 being awarded for percentage marks of less than 30%.
Butter fills several roles in baking, including making possible a range of textures, making chemical leavenings work better, tenderizing proteins, and enhancing the tastes of other ingredients. It is used in a similar manner to other solid fats like lard , suet , or shortening , but has a flavor that may better complement sweet baked goods.