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The energy and momentum of an object measured in two inertial frames in energy–momentum space – the yellow frame measures E and p while the blue frame measures E ′ and p ′. The green arrow is the four-momentum P of an object with length proportional to its rest mass m 0.
The stress–energy tensor, sometimes called the stress–energy–momentum tensor or the energy–momentum tensor, is a tensor physical quantity that describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime, generalizing the stress tensor of Newtonian physics. It is an attribute of matter, radiation, and non-gravitational force fields.
The Abraham–Minkowski controversy is a physics debate concerning electromagnetic momentum within dielectric media. [1] [2] Two equations were first suggested by Hermann Minkowski (1908) [3] and Max Abraham (1909) [4] [5] for this momentum. They predict different values, from which the name of the controversy derives. [6]
With respect to classical physics, conservation laws include conservation of energy, mass (or matter), linear momentum, angular momentum, and electric charge. With respect to particle physics, particles cannot be created or destroyed except in pairs, where one is ordinary and the other is an antiparticle.
In engineering, physics, and chemistry, the study of transport phenomena concerns the exchange of mass, energy, charge, momentum and angular momentum between observed and studied systems. While it draws from fields as diverse as continuum mechanics and thermodynamics , it places a heavy emphasis on the commonalities between the topics covered.
This equation is completely coordinate- and metric-independent and says that the electromagnetic flux through a closed two-dimensional surface in space–time is topological, more precisely, depends only on its homology class (a generalization of the integral form of Gauss law and Maxwell–Faraday equation, as the homology class in Minkowski ...
This is not the case for the Dirac equation and its energy–momentum tensor. [ 6 ] The stress energy tensor is the set of conserved currents corresponding to the invariance of the Klein–Gordon equation under space-time translations x μ ↦ x μ + c μ {\displaystyle x^{\mu }\mapsto x^{\mu }+c^{\mu }} .
In such universes Mach's principle can be stated as the distribution of matter and field energy-momentum (and possibly other information) at a particular moment in the universe determines the inertial frame at each point in the universe (where "a particular moment in the universe" refers to a chosen Cauchy surface). [7]: 188–207