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Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a form of white-matter brain injury, characterized by the necrosis (more often coagulation) of white matter near the lateral ventricles. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It can affect newborns and (less commonly) fetuses; premature infants are at the greatest risk of neonatal encephalopathy which may lead to this condition.
Hives, also known as urticaria, is a kind of skin rash with red and/or flesh-colored, raised, itchy bumps. [1] Hives may burn or sting. [ 2 ] The patches of rash may appear on different body parts, [ 2 ] with variable duration from minutes to days, and do not leave any long-lasting skin change. [ 2 ]
Treatment may involve some combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow transplant, with supportive and palliative care provided as needed. [3] [6] Certain types of leukemia may be managed with watchful waiting. [3] The success of treatment depends on the type of leukemia and the age of the person.
Leukemia cutis is the infiltration of neoplastic leukocytes or their precursors into the skin resulting in clinically identifiable cutaneous lesions. [1] This condition may be contrasted with leukemids, which are skin lesions that occur with leukemia, but which are not related to leukemic cell infiltration.
In oncology, polycythemia vera (PV) is an uncommon myeloproliferative neoplasm in which the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. [1] The majority of cases [2] are caused by mutations in the JAK2 gene, most commonly resulting in a single amino acid change in its protein product from valine to phenylalanine at position 617.
In a normal case, the swelling will decrease without treatment within 15–30 minutes, but, in extreme cases, itchy red welts may last anywhere from a few hours to days. In some cases, welts are accompanied with a painful burning sensation. [3] This calls for more urgent treatment as the condition can impact on the patient's quality of life.
Cholinergic urticaria typically presents with a number of small papular hives all over the body, that involve cutaneous inflammation (wheals) and severe nerve pain, which usually develops in response to exercise, bathing, staying in a heated environment, spicy foods, or emotional stress.
[43] [44] In those with low risk MDS (designated by an IPSS score less than 3.5), no disease specific treatment has been found to be helpful and treatment is focused on supportive care by maintaining blood counts. [36] Erythrostimulating agents such as darbepoetin alfa or erythropoietin may be used to raise the red blood cell count.