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Geritol is a United States trademarked name for various dietary supplements, past and present. [1] Geritol is a brand name for several vitamin complexes plus iron or multimineral products in both liquid form and tablets containing from 9.5 to 18 mg of iron per daily dose. [ 2 ]
The term "biguanidine" often refers specifically to a class of drugs that function as oral antihyperglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. [4] Examples include: Metformin - widely used in treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2; Phenformin - withdrawn from the market in most countries due to toxic effects
Animal ingredients in TCM include animal parts such as tiger bones, rhino horns, deer antlers, and snake bile. [18] The use of animal parts in TCM have been definitively linked to the extinction of wildlife. [19] One example of this link is the pangolin trade, which has led the pangolin to be called the world's "most trafficked mammal."
Drugs used in diabetes treat types of diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose levels in the blood. With the exception of insulin , most GLP-1 receptor agonists ( liraglutide , exenatide , and others), and pramlintide , all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents.
A cat eating grass – an example of zoopharmacognosy. Zoopharmacognosy is a behaviour in which non-human animals self-medicate by selecting and ingesting or topically applying plants, soils and insects with medicinal properties, to prevent or reduce the harmful effects of pathogens, toxins, and even other animals.
SGLT-2 inhibitors are relatively new drugs that treat type 2 diabetes. The first SGLT-2 inhibitor approved for use in the United States was dapagliflozin (Farxiga) , in 2014.
Thiazolidinedione ligand dependent transactivation is responsible for the majority of anti-diabetic effects. The activated PPAR/RXR heterodimer binds to peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements upstream of target genes in complex with a number of coactivators such as nuclear receptor coactivator 1 and CREB binding protein, this causes upregulation of genes (for a full list see PPARγ):
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the broad mandate under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321 et seq.) to assure the safety and effectiveness of animal drugs and their use in all animals, including farm animals. The division of the FDA responsible for this is the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM). [1]