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3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model. [1] [2] [3] It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control, [4] with the material being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically layer by layer.
Computer-aided design (CAD) model used for 3D printing. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. 3D scanning is a process of collecting digital data on the shape and appearance of a real object, creating a digital model based on it.
In 3D printing, the bulk of each printed layer, regardless of complexity, is deposited by the same, rapid spreading process. [ 9 ] As with other powder-bed technologies, support structures are generally not required because loose powder supports overhanging features and stacked or suspended objects.
Similarly, spray powder is not generally used in sheet-fed (silk) screen-printing, ink-jet or toner based digital printing. In the UK, many Carrom players use a version of anti-set-off spray powder from the printing industry [ citation needed ] which has specific electrostatic properties with particles of 50 micrometres in diameter.
A variant used for 3D shapes is called hot isostatic pressing. To allow efficient stacking of product in the furnace during sintering and to prevent parts sticking together, many manufacturers separate ware using ceramic powder separator sheets. These sheets are available in various materials such as alumina, zirconia and magnesia.
Early construction 3D printing development and research have been under way since 1995. Two methods were invented, one by Joseph Pegna [9] which was focused on a sand/cement forming technique which utilized steam to selectively bond the material in layers or solid parts, though this technique was never demonstrated.
Ultimaker is a 3D printer manufacturing company based in the Netherlands, with offices and assembly lines in the US. [1] They make fused filament fabrication 3D printers, develop 3D printing software, and sell branded 3D printing materials. [2]
Screen printing is a printing technique where a mesh is used to transfer ink (or dye) onto a substrate, except in areas made impermeable to the ink by a blocking stencil.A blade or squeegee is moved across the screen in a "flood stroke" to fill the open mesh apertures with ink, and a reverse stroke then causes the screen to touch the substrate momentarily along a line of contact.