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Polyhydramnios is a medical condition describing an excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac.It is seen in about 1% of pregnancies. [1] [2] [3] It is typically diagnosed when the amniotic fluid index (AFI) is greater than 24 cm. [4] [5] There are two clinical varieties of polyhydramnios: chronic polyhydramnios where excess amniotic fluid accumulates gradually, and acute polyhydramnios ...
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), also known as feto-fetal transfusion syndrome (FFTS), twin oligohydramnios-polyhydramnios sequence (TOPS) and stuck twin syndrome, is a complication of monochorionic multiple pregnancies (the most common form of identical twin pregnancy) in which there is disproportionate blood supply between the fetuses.
[3] Patients with classic Bartter syndrome may have symptoms in the first two years of life, but they are usually diagnosed at school age or later. Like infants with the neonatal subtype, patients with classic Bartter syndrome also have polyuria, polydipsia, and a tendency to dehydration, but normal or just slightly increased urinary calcium ...
The fetal symptoms are related to fluid retention, including ascites and polyhydramnios. [3] Fetal hydrops suggests the presence of an important and probably fatal fetal pathology . It can be associated with parvovirus B19 infection and with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome .
[1] [4] If everything is stable, vaginal delivery may be tried, otherwise cesarean section is recommended. [1] In those less than 36 weeks pregnant, corticosteroids may be given to speed development of the baby's lungs. [1] Treatment may require blood transfusion or emergency hysterectomy. [2] Placental abruption occurs in about 1 in 200 ...
[1] AFI is the score (expressed in centimetres ) given to the amount of amniotic fluid seen on ultrasonography of a pregnant uterus . To determine the AFI, doctors may use a four-quadrant technique, [ 2 ] when the deepest, unobstructed, vertical length of each pocket of fluid is measured in each quadrant and then added up to the others, [ 3 ...
When compared to cases of spontaneous PPROM, patients with amniocentesis-related PPROM experience better outcomes and lower rates of pregnancy loss. [1] [2] Leakage of amniotic fluid can result in oligohydramnios, or an amniotic fluid volume that is less than the minimum expected for gestational age. [1]
Type 2: rarest form of duodenal atresia, making up 1% of cases. The proximal and distal ends of the duodenum are atretic and separated but are connected by a cord (mesentery still intact). [5] Type 3: makes up 7% of duodenal atresia cases. The ends of the duodenum are atretic without any tissue attachment (mesentery defect). [5]