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If a DNA segment under twist strain is closed into a circle by joining its two ends, and then allowed to move freely, it takes on different shape, such as a figure-eight. This shape is referred to as a supercoil. (The noun form "supercoil" is often used when describing DNA topology.) The DNA of most organisms is usually negatively supercoiled.
Where DNA gyrase forms a tetramer and is capable of cleaving a double-stranded region of DNA, reverse gyrase can only cleave single stranded DNA. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] More specifically, reverse gyrase is a member of the type IA topoisomerase class; along with the ability to relax negatively or positively supercoiled DNA [ 5 ] (which does not require ATP ...
Contrary to intuition, a topological property, the linking number, arises from the geometric properties twist and writhe according to the following relationship: L k = T + W, where L k is the linking number, W is the writhe and T is the twist of the coil. The linking number refers to the number of times that one strand wraps around the other.
In DNA double helix, the two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds. The nucleotides on one strand base pairs with the nucleotide on the other strand. The secondary structure is responsible for the shape that the nucleic acid assumes. The bases in the DNA are classified as purines and pyrimidines. The purines are adenine and guanine ...
After introducing a nick in the system, the negative supercoil gradually unwinds (c) until it reaches its final, circular, plasmid state (d). [2] Nicked DNA can be the result of DNA damage or purposeful, regulated biomolecular reactions carried out in the cell. During processing, DNA can be nicked by physical shearing, over-drying, or enzymes.
Type II topoisomerases increase or decrease the linking number of a DNA loop by 2 units, and it promotes chromosome disentanglement. For example, DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase observed in E. coli and most other prokaryotes, introduces negative supercoils and decreases the linking number by 2.
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Swiffer Bissell Steamboost is a steam mop. It uses special steam pads and it deeply penetrates dirt. Swiffer Continuous Clean Air Cleaner is an air filtration system introduced in 2018. [5] Like Swiffer mops, it uses a refill system for the filter, which is a common model across the air filtration industry.
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