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This marks a new period of trade and economic development for northern and central Europe. 1163: The first cornerstone is laid for the construction of Notre Dame de Paris. One of the most famous Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages 1166: Stefan Nemanja united Serbian territories, establishing the Medieval Serbian state.
He was excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII three separate times, and once more by Pope Urban II. The first was on 22 February 1076 over the Investiture Controversy. This excommunication was lifted on 28 January 1077 after Henry's public show of penitence known as the Road to Canossa. His second excommunication by Gregory was on 7 March 1080, and ...
Early modern period – The chronological limits of this period are open to debate. It emerges from the Late Middle Ages (c. 1500), demarcated by historians as beginning with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, in forms such as the Italian Renaissance in the West, the Ming dynasty in the East, and the rise of the Aztecs in the New World.
Internet Medieval Sourcebook Project Primary source archive of the Middle Ages. The Online Reference Book of Medieval Studies Academic peer reviewed articles. Medieval Knights Medieval Knights is a medieval educational resource site geared to students and medieval enthusiasts. The Labyrinth Resources for Medieval Studies.
In medieval and early-modern times (and sometimes even now) in South Asia, excommunication from one's caste (jāti or varna) used to be practiced (by the caste-councils) and was often with serious consequences, such as abasement of the person's caste status and even throwing him into the sphere of the untouchables or bhangi.
7–26 Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea and Galilee [3] 9 Pharisee leader Hillel the Elder dies, temporary rise of Shammai; 14–37 Tiberius, Roman Emperor; 18–36 Caiaphas, appointed High Priest of Herod's Temple by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syrian Legate Lucius Vitellius
The traditional social stratification of the Occident in the 15th century. Church and state in medieval Europe was the relationship between the Catholic Church and the various monarchies and other states in Europe during the Middle Ages (between the end of Roman authority in the West in the fifth century to their end in the East in the fifteenth century and the beginning of the Modern era).
The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Great Occidental Schism, the Schism of 1378, or the Great Schism [1] (Latin: Magnum schisma occidentale, Ecclesiae occidentalis schisma), was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 20 September 1378 to 11 November 1417, in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and were eventually ...