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  2. Codeforces - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeforces

    Codeforces is recommended by many universities. [18] [19] According to Daniel Sleator, professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, competitive programming is valuable in computer science education, because competitors learn to adapt classic algorithms to new problems, thereby improving their understanding of algorithmic concepts.

  3. Dynamic programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming

    Bellman's contribution is remembered in the name of the Bellman equation, a central result of dynamic programming which restates an optimization problem in recursive form. Bellman explains the reasoning behind the term dynamic programming in his autobiography, Eye of the Hurricane: An Autobiography: I spent the Fall quarter (of 1950) at RAND ...

  4. Stochastic dynamic programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_dynamic_programming

    Stochastic dynamic programming deals with problems in which the current period reward and/or the next period state are random, i.e. with multi-stage stochastic systems. The decision maker's goal is to maximise expected (discounted) reward over a given planning horizon.

  5. Reinforcement learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning

    Reinforcement learning (RL) is an interdisciplinary area of machine learning and optimal control concerned with how an intelligent agent should take actions in a dynamic environment in order to maximize a reward signal. Reinforcement learning is one of the three basic machine learning paradigms, alongside supervised learning and unsupervised ...

  6. Bellman equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellman_equation

    The dynamic programming approach describes the optimal plan by finding a rule that tells what the controls should be, given any possible value of the state. For example, if consumption ( c ) depends only on wealth ( W ), we would seek a rule c ( W ) {\displaystyle c(W)} that gives consumption as a function of wealth.

  7. Dynamic programming language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language

    Dynamic languages provide flexibility. This allows developers to write more adaptable and concise code. For instance, in a dynamic language, a variable can start as an integer. It can later be reassigned to hold a string without explicit type declarations. This feature of dynamic typing enables more fluid and less restrictive coding.

  8. Activity selection problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity_selection_problem

    Unlike the unweighted version, there is no greedy solution to the weighted activity selection problem. However, a dynamic programming solution can readily be formed using the following approach: [1] Consider an optimal solution containing activity k. We now have non-overlapping activities on the left and right of k. We can recursively find ...

  9. Dynamic logic (modal logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_logic_(modal_logic)

    For an arbitrary program , precondition, and postcondition ′, the dynamic logic statement [] ′ encodes the correctness of the program, making dynamic logic more general than Hoare logic. Beyond its use in formal verification of programs, dynamic logic has been applied to describe complex behaviors arising in linguistics , philosophy , AI ...

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