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AKI - the other main type of kidney disease - can be caused by dehydration, blood loss, urinary tract obstructions such as kidney stones or blood clots, low blood pressure, or heart disease. It ...
Fluid may be also sent for gram stain, acid fast stain, or culture if high suspicion of infectious cause. [1] Bloody fluids may also be evaluated for malignant cells. [13] Fluid analysis may result in: transudative effusion: due to non-inflammatory causes (congestive heart failure, myxoedema, nephrotic syndrome)
Regardless of the cause, sequestration of fluid within the abdomen leads to additional fluid retention by the kidneys due to stimulatory effect on blood pressure hormones, notably aldosterone. The sympathetic nervous system is also activated, and renin production is increased due to decreased perfusion of the kidney.
Acute kidney failure due to hypovolemia: the loss of vascular fluid into the tissues (edema) produces a decreased blood supply to the kidneys that cause a loss of kidney function. Thus it is a tricky task to get rid of excess fluid in the body while maintaining circulatory euvolemia.
Failure of kidneys to remove excess fluid may cause: Swelling of the hands, legs, ankles, feet, or face; Shortness of breath due to extra fluid on the lungs (may also be caused by anemia) Polycystic kidney disease, which causes large, fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys and sometimes the liver, can cause: Pain in the back or side
Causes of edema that are generalized to the whole body can cause edema in multiple organs and peripherally. For example, severe heart failure can cause pulmonary edema, pleural effusions, ascites and peripheral edema. Such severe systemic edema is called anasarca. In rare cases, a parvovirus B19 infection may cause generalized edemas. [9]
Diagram showing the typical location of pain [8] Signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis generally develop rapidly over a few hours or a day. It can cause high fever, pain on passing urine, and abdominal pain that radiates along the flank towards the back.
Some of the symptoms that can happen are blood in the urine, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, severe pain in the belly area, flanks of the back, groin, or testicles. These include renal colic, polyuria and polydipsia: [4] Renal colic is usually caused by pre-existing nephrolithiasis, as may occur in patients with chronic hypercalciuria. [4]