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The oldest known multiplication tables were used by the Babylonians about 4000 years ago. [2] However, they used a base of 60. [2] The oldest known tables using a base of 10 are the Chinese decimal multiplication table on bamboo strips dating to about 305 BC, during China's Warring States period. [2] "Table of Pythagoras" on Napier's bones [3]
A perfect power has a common divisor m > 1 for all multiplicities (it is of the form a m for some a > 1 and m > 1). The first: 4, 8, 9, 16, 25, 27, 32, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100 (sequence A001597 in the OEIS). 1 is sometimes included. A powerful number (also called squareful) has multiplicity above 1 for all prime
For example, 10 is a multiple of 5 because 5 × 2 = 10, so 10 is divisible by 5 and 2. Because 10 is the smallest positive integer that is divisible by both 5 and 2, it is the least common multiple of 5 and 2. By the same principle, 10 is the least common multiple of −5 and −2 as well.
Integer multiplication respects the congruence classes, that is, a ≡ a' and b ≡ b' (mod n) implies ab ≡ a'b' (mod n). This implies that the multiplication is associative, commutative, and that the class of 1 is the unique multiplicative identity. Finally, given a, the multiplicative inverse of a modulo n is an integer x satisfying ax ≡ ...
The handbook was originally published in 1928 by the Chemical Rubber Company (now CRC Press) as a supplement (Mathematical Tables) to the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Beginning with the 10th edition (1956), it was published as CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and kept this title up to the 29th edition (1991).
The choice of 36 as a radix is convenient in that the digits can be represented using the Arabic numerals 0–9 and the Latin letters A–Z; this choice is the basis of the base36 encoding scheme. The compression effect of 36 being the square of 6 causes a lot of patterns and representations to be shorter in base 36: 1 / 9 10 = 0.04 6 ...
The Erdős–Tenenbaum–Ford constant is a mathematical constant that appears in number theory. [1] Named after mathematicians Paul Erdős , Gérald Tenenbaum , and Kevin Ford , it is defined as δ := 1 − 1 + log log 2 log 2 = 0.0860713320 … {\displaystyle \delta :=1-{\frac {1+\log \log 2}{\log 2}}=0.0860713320\dots }