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Topically applied sodium hyaluronate can facilitate the absorption of biomacromolecules, i.e. pharmaceuticals, and function like a nanocarrier. [16] Its effects on skin depend on the hyaluronate formulation and skin health: In barrier-deficient skin it restricted the delivery of biomacromolecules to the stratum corneum and viable epidermis.
Sodium hyaluronate, is a linear polysaccharide molecule of sodium glycuronate and N-acetyl glucosamine. [1] It is commercially extracted from rooster combs or produced by bacterial fermentation. [2] Chondroitin sulfate extracted from shark fin cartilage. [2] Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Hypromellose) is extracted from wood pulp. [2]
The first hyaluronan biomedical product, Healon, was developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Pharmacia, [57] and approved for use in eye surgery (i.e., corneal transplantation, cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, and surgery to repair retinal detachment). Other biomedical companies also produce brands of hyaluronan for ophthalmic surgery. [58]
Perfluorohexyloctane (branded as Evotears, Miebo, [a] and Novatears, among others) is a medication used for the treatment of dry eye disease. [4] It is a semifluorinated alkane.
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Figure 1.0 - Basic anatomical features of the human eye. Ophthalmic drug administration is the administration of a drug to the eyes, most typically as an eye drop formulation. Topical formulations are used to combat a multitude of diseased states of the eye. These states may include bacterial infections, eye injury, glaucoma, and dry eye. [1]
Topical ciclosporin (topical ciclosporin A, tCSA) 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion is an immunosuppressant that is commonly used to treat symptoms of dry eye syndrome. [ 14 ] [ 47 ] The drug decreases surface inflammation to increase tear production. [ 16 ]
Eye drops or eyedrops are liquid drops applied directly to the surface of the eye usually in small amounts such as a single drop or a few drops. Eye drops usually contain saline to match the salinity of the eye. Drops containing only saline and sometimes a lubricant are often used as artificial tears to treat dry eyes or simple eye irritation ...
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