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The term error-correction relates to the fact that last-period's deviation from a long-run equilibrium, the error, influences its short-run dynamics. Thus ECMs directly estimate the speed at which a dependent variable returns to equilibrium after a change in other variables.
Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are a class of highly efficient linear block codes made from many single parity check (SPC) codes. They can provide performance very close to the channel capacity (the theoretical maximum) using an iterated soft-decision decoding approach, at linear time complexity in terms of their block length.
Variable length arithmetic represents numbers as a string of digits of a variable's length limited only by the memory available. Variable-length arithmetic operations are considerably slower than fixed-length format floating-point instructions.
Given a prime number q and prime power q m with positive integers m and d such that d ≤ q m − 1, a primitive narrow-sense BCH code over the finite field (or Galois field) GF(q) with code length n = q m − 1 and distance at least d is constructed by the following method.
As explained earlier, it can either detect and correct single-bit errors or it can detect (but not correct) both single and double-bit errors. With the addition of an overall parity bit, it becomes the [8,4] extended Hamming code and can both detect and correct single-bit errors and detect (but not correct) double-bit errors.
This is especially true of cryptographic hash functions, which may be used to detect many data corruption errors and verify overall data integrity; if the computed checksum for the current data input matches the stored value of a previously computed checksum, there is a very high probability the data has not been accidentally altered or corrupted.
LDPC encoder. During the encoding of a frame, the input data bits (D) are repeated and distributed to a set of constituent encoders. The constituent encoders are typically accumulators and each accumulator is used to generate a parity symbol.
Proof. We need to prove that if you add a burst of length to a codeword (i.e. to a polynomial that is divisible by ()), then the result is not going to be a codeword (i.e. the corresponding polynomial is not divisible by ()).