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Comamonas testosteroni is a Gram-negative environmental bacterium capable of utilizing testosterone as a carbon source, and degrading other sterols such as ergosterol and estrogens. [1] Strain I2 gfp has been used in bioaugmentation trials, in attempts to treat the industrial byproduct 3-chloroaniline. [ 2 ]
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. [3] In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
They are made mostly by gram-negative bacteria and, upon secretion, they form compact clusters around the outside of the cell. [2] The main function of the curli fibers involves their interactions with biofilms. In pathogenic bacteria, curlis can contribute to virulence by helping in cell invasion and activating the innate immune response.
The general secretion (Sec) involves secretion of unfolded proteins that first remain inside the cells. In Gram-negative bacteria, the secreted protein is sent to either the inner membrane or the periplasm. But in Gram-positive bacteria, the protein can stay in the cell or is mostly transported out of the bacteria using other secretion systems.
Leydig cells release a class of hormones called androgens (19-carbon steroids). [8] They secrete testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), when stimulated by the luteinizing hormone (LH), which is released from the anterior pituitary in response to gonadotropin releasing hormone which in turn is released by the hypothalamus.
The masculinization of the embryonic reproductive structures occurs as a result of testosterone secreted by the embryonic testes. Testosterone, however, is not the active agent within these organs. Once inside the target cells, testosterone is converted by means of an enzyme called 5α-reductase into the dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
The researchers, who relied on animal testing to conduct the study, found the opposite was true when it came to testosterone, the male hormone produced mainly in the testes, and testicle size.
inhibin and activins, secreted after puberty, work together to regulate FSH secretion; androgen-binding protein (also called testosterone-binding globulin) increases testosterone concentration in the seminiferous tubules to lightly stimulate spermatogenesis; estradiol - an aromatase converts testosterone to 1,7-beta-estradiol to direct ...