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The collaborative style of religious coping has been found to have the greatest psychological benefits, correlating with increased self-esteem and lower levels of depression. [7] Thus, Pargament's work has helped set the stage for a large scale program of research on this subject: currently there have been over 250 published studies on ...
The coping style most commonly associated with hardiness is transformational coping, which transforms stressful events into less stressful ones. [3] [24] At the cognitive level this involves setting the event into a broader perspective in which it does not seem so terrible. At the level of action, people high in hardiness are believed to react ...
Modes are states of mind that cluster schemas and coping styles into a temporary "way of being" that a person can shift into occasionally or more frequently. [8] For example, a Vulnerable Child mode [5] might be a state of mind encompassing schemas of Abandonment, Defectiveness, Mistrust/Abuse and a coping style of surrendering (to the schemas).
Along with developing the "RCOPE" questionnaire to measure religious coping strategies, [4] Pargament and his colleagues designated three basic styles of coping with stress. [5] In Pargament's article "Religion and the Problem-Solving Process: Three Styles of Coping", he identifies the collaborative, self-directed, and deferring coping styles.
In Stress, Appraisal, and Coping, Richard Lazarus states that, "studies of coping suggest that different styles of coping are related to specific health outcomes; control of anger, for example, has been implicated in hypertension. Three routes through which coping can affect health include the frequency, intensity, duration, and patterning of ...
Emotional approach coping is a psychological construct that involves the use of emotional processing and emotional expression in response to a stressful situation. [1] [2] As opposed to emotional avoidance, in which emotions are experienced as a negative, undesired reaction to a stressful situation, emotional approach coping involves the conscious use of emotional expression and processing to ...
Coping refers to conscious or unconscious strategies used to reduce and manage unpleasant emotions. Coping strategies can be cognitions or behaviors and can be individual or social. To cope is to deal with struggles and difficulties in life. [1] It is a way for people to maintain their mental and emotional well-being. [2]
The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) was designed to measure experiential avoidance. This test found that higher levels of avoidance are linked to higher levels of general psychopathology, depression, anxiety, fears, and a lower quality of life. AAQ also measures avoidant coping and self-deceptive positivity. [3]