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Descending perineum syndrome (also known as levator plate sagging) [1] refers to a condition where the perineum "balloons" several centimeters below the bony outlet of the pelvis during strain, although this descent may happen without straining. [2] The syndrome was first described in 1966 by Parks et al. [3]
661 Abnormality of forces of labor. 661.0 Uterine inertia, primary, unspec. 661.1 Uterine inertia, secondary, unspec. 661.3 Labor, precipitate, unspec. 662 Long labor. 662.1 Labor, prolonged, unspec. 663 Umbilical cord complications. 663.1 Cord around neck, unspec. 663.3 Cord entanglement, other and unspec. 664 Trauma to perineum and vulva ...
Perineal protection during the birth of the head [15] Perineal protection is an obstetric measure to prevent the perineal tissue from tearing (perineal tear) during the birth of the baby's head or to keep the extent of the injury as small as possible. The midwife (or obstetrician) supports the perineal tissue with one hand as soon as the head ...
Episiotomy, also known as perineotomy, is a surgical incision of the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall generally done by an obstetrician.This is usually performed during the second stage of labor to quickly enlarge the aperture, allowing the baby to pass through.
A rectocele is a bulge, or herniation, of the front wall of the rectum into the back of the vagina. [16] A cystocele occurs when the wall between the bladder and the vagina weakens. [16] Uterine prolapse. Pelvic floor dysfunction can be assessed with a strong clinical history and physical exam, though imaging is often needed for diagnosis.
Vaginal rugae can disappear during the second stage of labor. [21] After a vaginal birth, the rugae are not visible and the walls of the vagina are smooth. By the third week postpartum, the vagina has become much smaller and the rugae begin to reform on the vaginal walls.
Labor pains have both visceral and somatic components. [23] During the first and second stages of labour, uterine contractions cause stretching and opening of the cervix. This in turn triggers visceral pain in the inner cervix and lower segment of the spine. [28]
In Africa and Asia obstructed labor affects between two and five percent of deliveries. [8] In 2015 about 6.5 million cases of obstructed labour or uterine rupture occurred. [ 5 ] This resulted in 23,000 maternal deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990 (about 8% of all deaths related to pregnancy ).