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A biogenic amine is a biogenic substance with one or more amine groups. They are basic nitrogenous compounds formed mainly by decarboxylation of amino acids or by amination and transamination of aldehydes and ketones. Biogenic amines are organic bases with low molecular weight and are synthesized by microbial, vegetable and animal metabolisms ...
Phytotoxicity describes any adverse effects on plant growth, physiology, or metabolism caused by a chemical substance, such as high levels of fertilizers, herbicides, heavy metals, or nanoparticles. [1] General phytotoxic effects include altered plant metabolism, growth inhibition, or plant death. [2]
Tyramine is a phenethylamine that occurs widely in plants [1] and animals, and is metabolized by various enzymes, including monoamine oxidases. Substituted phenethylamines like mescaline and lophophine are found in psychoactive cactus.
Crude oil, a transformed biogenic substance Natural gum, a secretion from Hevea brasiliensis. A biogenic substance is a product made by or of life forms. While the term originally was specific to metabolite compounds that had toxic effects on other organisms, [1] it has developed to encompass any constituents, secretions, and metabolites of plants or animals. [2]
Tyramine occurs widely in plants [5] and animals, and is metabolized by various enzymes, including monoamine oxidases. In foods, it often is produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods that are fermented, cured, pickled, aged, or spoiled have high amounts of tyramine.
The plant's toxicity has led to the U.S. FDA officially declaring it to be unsafe. Arum maculatum: cuckoo-pint, lords and ladies, jack-in-the-pulpit, wake robin, wild arum, devils and angels, cows and bulls, Adam and Eve, bobbins, starch-root Araceae: All parts of the plant are highly toxic to humans and most animals.
Pesticides, because they are toxic chemicals meant to kill pest species, can affect non-target species, such as plants, animals and humans. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields. [1]
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