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  2. Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due...

    Ape skeletons. A display at the Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge.From left to right: Bornean orangutan, two western gorillas, chimpanzee, human. The evolution of human bipedalism, which began in primates approximately four million years ago, [1] or as early as seven million years ago with Sahelanthropus, [2] [3] or approximately twelve million years ago with Danuvius guggenmosi, has ...

  3. Skeletal changes of vertebrates transitioning from water to land

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_changes_of...

    The loss of the intercranial joint was a direct functional necessity to strengthen the broad and long platybasic skull when the animal was out of the water. [2] The tubular lower jaw of the Elginerpeton , compared to the flat-lamina jaw shape of fishes gave it superior cross-sectional force, required when not supported in an aquatic setting ...

  4. Spine (zoology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(zoology)

    In many cases, spines are a defense mechanism that help protect the animal against potential predators. Because spines are sharp, they can puncture skin and inflict pain and damage which may cause the predator to avoid that species from that point on. The spine of some animals are capable of injecting venom. In the case of some large species of ...

  5. Spinal column - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_column

    There are around 50,000 species of animals that have a vertebral column. [2] The human spine is one of the most-studied examples, as the general structure of human vertebrae is fairly typical of that found in other mammals, reptiles, and birds. The shape of the vertebral body does, however, vary somewhat between different groups of living species.

  6. Chordate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate

    A chordate (/ ˈ k ɔːr d eɪ t / KOR-dayt) is a deuterostomal bilaterian animal belonging to the phylum Chordata (/ k ɔːr ˈ d eɪ t ə / kor-DAY-tə).All chordates possess, at some point during their larval or adult stages, five distinctive physical characteristics (synapomorphies) that distinguish them from other taxa.

  7. Comparative anatomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy

    Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny [ 1 ] (the evolution of species). The science began in the classical era , continuing in the early modern period with work by Pierre Belon who noted the similarities of the skeletons ...

  8. Neural spine sail - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_spine_sail

    A neural spine sail is a large, flattish protrusion from the back of an animal formed of a sequence of extended vertebral spinous processes and associated tissues. Such structures are comparatively rare in modern animals, but have been identified in many extinct species of amphibians and amniotes. Paleontologists have proposed a number of ways ...

  9. Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/The Skeleton; Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Print version; Usage on en.wiktionary.org bakabonyo; Usage on eo.wikipedia.org Vertebraro; Usage on es.wikibooks.org Curso de alemán nivel medio con audio/Lección 003fb; Usage on es.wiktionary.org espinazo; Usage on fa.wikipedia.org ستون مهره‌ها ...