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Chest pain is pain or discomfort in the chest, typically the front of the chest. [1] It may be described as sharp, dull, pressure, heaviness or squeezing. [ 3 ] Associated symptoms may include pain in the shoulder, arm, upper abdomen , or jaw, along with nausea , sweating, or shortness of breath .
Also known as 'effort angina', this refers to the classic type of angina related to myocardial ischemia.A typical presentation of stable angina is that of chest discomfort and associated symptoms precipitated by some activity (running, walking, etc.) with minimal or non-existent symptoms at rest or after administration of sublingual nitroglycerin. [11]
Diagnosis is clear-cut if ECGs show elevation of the "ST segment", which in the context of severe typical chest pain is strongly indicative of an acute myocardial infarction (MI); this is termed a STEMI (ST-elevation MI) and is treated as an emergency with either urgent coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (angioplasty ...
Chest pain not related to the heart is known as referred pain: You feel the pain in one location, but another source actually causes it. Take heartburn, for example. Take heartburn, for example.
Previous WHO criteria [7] formulated in 1979 put less emphasis on cardiac biomarkers; according to these, a patient is diagnosed with myocardial infarction if two (probable) or three (definite) of the following criteria are satisfied: Clinical history of ischaemic type chest pain lasting for more than 20 minutes; Changes in serial ECG tracings
Chest pain due to coronary ischemia commonly radiates to the arm or neck. [7] Certain individuals such as women, diabetics, and the elderly may present with more varied symptoms. [ 8 ] If blood flow through the coronary arteries is stopped completely, cardiac muscle cells may die, known as a myocardial infarction, or heart attack.
The most common symptom is centrally located pressure-like chest pain, often radiating to the left shoulder [2] or angle of the jaw, and associated with nausea and sweating. Many people with acute coronary syndromes present with symptoms other than chest pain, particularly women, older people, and people with diabetes mellitus. [3]
The principal symptom is typically chest pain, known as angina pectoris; people who present with angina must prompt evaluation for possible acute coronary syndrome. [ 2 ] Acute coronary syndromes are classified to two major categories, according to the patient's electrocardiogram, and specifically the presence or absence of persistent (>20 min ...