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  2. Good and evil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil

    Many religious and philosophical traditions claim that evil behavior is an aberration that results from the imperfect human condition (e.g. "The Fall of Man"). Sometimes, evil is attributed to the existence of free will and human agency. Some argue that evil itself is ultimately based in an ignorance of truth (i.e., human value, sanctity ...

  3. Nihilism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism

    Vincent, the main antagonist of the 2004 film Collateral, believes that life has no meaning because that human nature is intrinsically evil, and that deep down, people care only about themselves. In the 2022 film Everything Everywhere All at Once , the lead antagonist, Jobu Tupaki, comes to an existential nihilistic conclusion that the infinite ...

  4. Secular morality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_morality

    Secular humanism focuses on the way human beings can lead happy and functional lives. It posits that human beings are capable of being ethical and moral without religion or God, it neither assumes humans to be inherently evil or innately good, nor presents humans as "above nature" or superior to it. Rather, the humanist life stance emphasizes ...

  5. Moral absolutism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_absolutism

    Rorschach, one of the protagonists in the classic comic/graphic novel Watchmen (by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons): a masked vigilante and ruthless crime-fighter, Rorschach believes in moral absolutism—good and evil as pure ends, with no shades of gray—which compels him to seek to punish any evidence of evil at all costs.

  6. Problem of evil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_evil

    The problem of evil has been extended to non-human life forms, to include suffering of non-human animal species from natural evils and human cruelty against them. [ 12 ] According to scholars [ a ] , most philosophers see the logical problem of evil as having been fully rebutted by various defenses.

  7. Instrumental and intrinsic value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic...

    In moral philosophy, instrumental and intrinsic value are the distinction between what is a means to an end and what is as an end in itself. [1] Things are deemed to have instrumental value (or extrinsic value [2]) if they help one achieve a particular end; intrinsic values, by contrast, are understood to be desirable in and of themselves. A ...

  8. Antinatalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinatalism

    This impediment does not occur because of an intrinsic "evil" of human nature, but because of the structural situation in which the human being has always been. In this situation, we are cornered by various kinds of structural discomforts while having to conduct our lives in a limited amount of time and in limited spaces of action, such that ...

  9. Xunzi (philosopher) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)

    His well-known notion that "Human nature is evil" has led many commentators to place him opposite of Mencius, who believed human nature was intrinsically good. Though like Mencius, Xunzi believed that education and ritual were the key to self-cultivation and thus the method to circumvent one's naturally foul nature. [ 4 ]