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An association can be viewed as a real, integrated entity shaped either by species interactions or by similar habitat requirements, or it can be viewed as merely a common point along a continuum. The former view was championed by American ecologist Frederic Clements , who viewed the association as a whole that was more than the sum of its parts ...
The term "species group" can be used to describe the manner in which individual organisms group together. In this non-taxonomic context one can refer to "same-species groups" and "mixed-species groups." While same-species groups are the norm, examples of mixed-species groups abound.
Adaptive management: Management is an iterative process in which methods are continuously reevaluated as new scientific knowledge is gained. Interagency cooperation: As ecological boundaries often cross administrative boundaries, management often requires cooperation among a range of agencies and private stakeholders.
Ecology is a new science and considered as an important branch of biological science, having only become prominent during the second half of the 20th century. [1] Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics.
Ecosystem-based management is an environmental management approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including humans, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. [1] It can be applied to studies in the terrestrial and aquatic environments with challenges being attributed ...
A bear with a salmon. Interspecific interactions such as predation are a key aspect of community ecology.. In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, or life assemblage.
Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of living and non-living components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as chemicals , bedrock , soil , plants , and animals .
A plant community can be rare even if none of the major species defining it are rare. [1]: 115 This is because it is the association of species and relationship to their environment that may be rare. [1]: 115 An example is the sycamore alluvial woodland in California dominated by the California sycamore Platanus racemosa.