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  2. Association (ecology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_(ecology)

    An association can be viewed as a real, integrated entity shaped either by species interactions or by similar habitat requirements, or it can be viewed as merely a common point along a continuum. The former view was championed by American ecologist Frederic Clements , who viewed the association as a whole that was more than the sum of its parts ...

  3. Mutualism (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)

    The term "species group" can be used to describe the manner in which individual organisms group together. In this non-taxonomic context one can refer to "same-species groups" and "mixed-species groups." While same-species groups are the norm, examples of mixed-species groups abound.

  4. Ecosystem management - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_management

    Adaptive management: Management is an iterative process in which methods are continuously reevaluated as new scientific knowledge is gained. Interagency cooperation: As ecological boundaries often cross administrative boundaries, management often requires cooperation among a range of agencies and private stakeholders.

  5. History of ecology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ecology

    Ecology is a new science and considered as an important branch of biological science, having only become prominent during the second half of the 20th century. [1] Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics.

  6. Ecosystem-based management - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem-based_management

    Ecosystem-based management is an environmental management approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including humans, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. [1] It can be applied to studies in the terrestrial and aquatic environments with challenges being attributed ...

  7. Community (ecology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(ecology)

    A bear with a salmon. Interspecific interactions such as predation are a key aspect of community ecology.. In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, or life assemblage.

  8. Ecosystem ecology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology

    Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of living and non-living components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as chemicals , bedrock , soil , plants , and animals .

  9. Plant community - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_community

    A plant community can be rare even if none of the major species defining it are rare. [1]: 115 This is because it is the association of species and relationship to their environment that may be rare. [1]: 115 An example is the sycamore alluvial woodland in California dominated by the California sycamore Platanus racemosa.

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