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White oil is sold commercially as a petroleum oil-based organic pesticide, in both a concentrate, [3] [4] [5] and ready-to-use spray bottle or can. [6] [7]The term "horticultural oil" may be used to differentiate this petroleum oil-based product from homemade products using vegetable oil.
Insecticidal soap is used to control many plant insect pests. Soap has been used for more than 200 years as an insect control. [1] Because insecticidal soap works on direct contact with pests via the disruption of cell membranes when the insect is penetrated with fatty acids, the insect's cells leak their contents causing the insect to dehydrate and die. [2]
The aphids may not be the original source of infection, but are instrumental in spreading the virus through the crop. [9] Various chemical treatments are available to kill the aphids and organic growers can use a solution of soft soap. [12] Wasp laying egg inside an aphid's body Aphids tended by ants
Biological control agents of weeds include seed predators, herbivores, and plant pathogens. Biological control can have side-effects on biodiversity through attacks on non-target species by any of the above mechanisms, especially when a species is introduced without a thorough understanding of the possible consequences.
Aphis is a genus of insects in the family Aphididae containing at least 600 species of aphids. [1] It includes many notorious agricultural pests , such as the soybean aphid Aphis glycines . Many species of Aphis , such as A. coreopsidis and A. fabae , are myrmecophiles , forming close associations with ants .
Aphids reproducing asexually by parthenogenesis can have genetically identical winged and non-winged female progeny. Control is complex; some aphids alternate during their life-cycles between genetic control (polymorphism) and environmental control (polyphenism) of production of winged or wingless forms. [60]
The aphid midge is commercially grown by insectaries for use as biological pest control in commercial greenhouse crops. [1] It is supplied as pupae in trays or bottles containing a moist substrate such as vermiculite or peat moss for the pupae to complete their development. Once they are placed in the greenhouse they usually emerge from the ...
The host plants response to an aphid infestation is a loss of turgor and reduced growth due to water imbalances as the aphid feed on phloem. The aphid also causes reduction in biomass of the whole plant. However, once the aphid is removed the plant quickly recovers absolute growth rate and has increased relative growth.