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  2. Quadrature amplitude modulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Quadrature_amplitude_modulation

    Digital 16-QAM with example symbols Constellation points for 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, and 64-QAM overlapped As in many digital modulation schemes, the constellation diagram is useful for QAM. In QAM, the constellation points are usually arranged in a square grid with equal vertical and horizontal spacing, although other configurations are ...

  3. Symbol rate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_rate

    The history of modems is the attempt at increasing the bit rate over a fixed bandwidth (and therefore a fixed maximum symbol rate), leading to increasing bits per symbol. For example, ITU-T V.29 specifies 4 bits per symbol, at a symbol rate of 2,400 baud, giving an effective bit rate of 9,600 bits per second.

  4. Constellation diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_diagram

    A diagram with four points, for example, represents a modulation scheme that can separately encode all 4 combinations of two bits: 00, 01, 10, and 11, and so can transmit two bits per symbol. Thus in general a modulation with N {\displaystyle N} constellation points transmits log 2 ⁡ N {\displaystyle \log _{2}N} bits per symbol.

  5. File:Convolutional codes PSK QAM LLR.svg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convolutional_codes...

    You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.

  6. GPS signals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_signals

    The L5 CNAV data includes SV ephemerides, system time, SV clock behavior data, status messages and time information, etc. The 50 bit/s data is coded in a rate 1/2 convolution coder. The resulting 100 symbols per second (sps) symbol stream is modulo-2 added to the I5-code only; the resultant bit-train is used to modulate the L5 in-phase (I5 ...

  7. DECT - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECT

    With high quality connections, 2-, 4- or 8-level differential PSK modulation (DBPSK, DQPSK or D8PSK), which is similar to QAM-2, QAM-4 and QAM-8, can be used to transmit 1, 2, or 3 bits per each symbol. QAM-16 and QAM-64 modulations with 4 and 6 bits per symbol can be used for user data (B-field) only, with resulting transmission speeds of up ...

  8. List of interface bit rates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates

    On devices like modems, bytes may be more than 8 bits long because they may be individually padded out with additional start and stop bits; the figures below will reflect this. Where channels use line codes (such as Ethernet , Serial ATA , and PCI Express ), quoted rates are for the decoded signal.

  9. Spectral efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_efficiency

    In digital wireless networks, the system spectral efficiency or area spectral efficiency is typically measured in (bit/s)/Hz per unit area, in (bit/s)/Hz per cell, or in (bit/s)/Hz per site. It is a measure of the quantity of users or services that can be simultaneously supported by a limited radio frequency bandwidth in a defined geographic ...