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Retreating blade stall is a hazardous flight condition in helicopters and other rotary wing aircraft, where the retreating rotor blade has a lower relative blade speed, combined with an increased angle of attack, causing a stall and loss of lift. Retreating blade stall is the primary limiting factor of a helicopter's never exceed speed, V NE. [1]
The effect of dynamic stall limits the helicopter performance in several ways such as: The maximum forward flight velocity and thrust; High blade structural loads, which may result in excessive vibrations and blade structural damage; Control system loads, manoeuvre capability, and handling qualities; Helicopter dynamic performance.
As the blades rotate, the speed of the blade-tips relative to the air remains constant. Now imagine the helicopter in forward flight, at v meters per second. The speed of the blade-tip at point A in the diagram relative to the air is the sum of the blade-tip speed and the helicopter forward-flight speed: rω+v.
The inner 25 percent of the rotor blade is referred to as the stall region and operates above its maximum angle of attack (stall angle) causing drag, which slows rotation of the blade. A constant rotor rotational speed is achieved by adjusting the collective pitch so blade acceleration forces from the driving region are balanced with the ...
A helicopter's main rotor hub. The vertical rods are at the end of the control chain that starts with the pilot controls. Helicopter flight controls are connected to the main and tail rotors, and include a cyclic stick, broadly to control forward-aft and left-right movements, a collective lever, broadly to control vertical movements, and anti-torque pedals, to control left and right yaw.
Dynamic stall is an effect most associated with helicopters and flapping wings, though also occurs in wind turbines, [41] and due to gusting airflow. During forward flight, some regions of a helicopter blade may incur flow that reverses (compared to the direction of blade movement), and thus includes rapidly changing angles of attack.
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Rotor stalls are not recoverable because the descending helicopter has airflow moving upwards through the rotor disc, so even full down collective will not restore normal airflow. When the helicopter rotor stalls, it does not do so symmetrically, because forward airspeed causes higher airspeed on the advancing blade than on the retreating blade.