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  2. Antinuclear antibody - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinuclear_antibody

    An ANA test is considered positive if fluorescence is seen at a titre of 1:40/1:80. Higher titres are more clinically significant as low positives (≤1:160) are found in up to 20% of healthy individuals, especially the elderly. Only around 5% of the healthy population have ANA titres of 1:160 or higher. [8] [53]

  3. Anti-dsDNA antibodies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-dsDNA_antibodies

    Flow cytometry for the detection of ANA uses multiplexed polystyrene beads coated with multiple autoantigens, such as SSA, SSB, Sm, RNP, Scl-70, Jo-1, dsDNA, centromere B and histone. Serum is incubated with the beads and in the presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies, or any other ANA, the antibodies will bind and fluorescent labelled secondary ...

  4. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-neutrophil_cytoplasm...

    Immunofluorescence (IF) on ethanol-fixed neutrophils is used to detect ANCA, although formalin-fixed neutrophils may be used to help differentiate ANCA patterns. ANCA can be divided into four patterns when visualised by IF; cytoplasmic ANCA (c-ANCA), C-ANCA (atypical), perinuclear ANCA (p-ANCA) and atypical ANCA (a-ANCA), also known as x-ANCA. c-ANCA shows cytoplasmic granular fluorescence ...

  5. Immunofluorescence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescence

    To perform immunofluorescence staining, a fluorophore must be conjugated (“tagged”) to an antibody. Staining procedures can be applied to both retained intracellular expressed antibodies, or to cell surface antigens on living cells.

  6. Extractable nuclear antigen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractable_nuclear_antigen

    The ANA tests for the presence or absence of autoantibodies, while the ENA panel evaluates which proteins in the cell nucleus the autoantibodies recognize. The ENA panel helps diagnosis, distinguish between, and monitor the progression of autoimmune diseases and is performed with a simple blood draw.

  7. Everything to know about cystic fibrosis and what causes it - AOL

    www.aol.com/everything-know-cystic-fibrosis...

    Here's what cystic fibrosis is, what causes it and how it's usually treated once it has been diagnosed.

  8. I Tried 10 Brands of American Cheese Singles, and These Were ...

    www.aol.com/finance/tried-10-brands-american...

    5. Borden American Cheese Singles. The truth is, so many of these cheeses taste identical. Borden and Harris Teeter are really similar, both lacking any distinct flavors that make them unique or ...

  9. Trump will not rule out force to take Panama Canal, Greenland

    www.aol.com/news/trump-wont-rule-military...

    U.S. President-elect Donald Trump refused on Tuesday to rule out using military or economic action to pursue acquisition of the Panama Canal and Greenland, part of a broader expansionist agenda he ...