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The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a family of standards to describe the protocols for second-generation digital cellular networks, [2] as used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and mobile broadband modems. GSM is also a trade mark owned by the GSM Association. [3] "GSM" may also refer to the voice codec initially used ...
IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) is the global standard for third generation wireless communications as defined by the International Telecommunication Union.
Mobile architecture allows maintaining this connection whilst during transit. [1] Each day the number of mobile devices is increasing, mobile architecture is the pieces of technology needed to create a rich, connected user experience. Currently, there is a lack of uniform interoperability plans and implementation.
This is the case in both GSM and IS-136 for example. Exceptions to this include the DECT and Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) micro-cellular systems, UMTS-TDD UMTS variant, and China's TD-SCDMA, which use time-division duplexing, where different time slots are allocated for the base station and handsets on the same frequency.
The comparable technology in the context of GSM is GSM-1800, also known as "Digital Cellular System" (DCS). [10] GSM-1800 launched in Hong Kong in 1997. It can form dual band service with GSM at 900MHz. This frequency was inherited into UMTS, LTE, and 5G NR. Korea, which has never used GSM, runs CDMA on 1800 MHz. See CDMA frequency bands.
System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is the core network architecture of mobile communications protocol group 3GPP's LTE wireless communication standard.. SAE is the evolution of the GPRS Core Network, but with a simplified architecture; an all-IP Network (AIPN); support for higher throughput and lower latency radio access networks (RANs); and support for, and mobility between, multiple ...
The architecture contains specific features and functions which are needed because the phones are not fixed in one location. The NSS originally consisted of the circuit-switched core network , used for traditional GSM services such as voice calls, SMS , and circuit switched data calls.
UTRAN architecture UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network ( UTRAN ) is a collective term for the network and equipment that connects mobile handsets to the public telephone network or the Internet. It contains the base stations, which are called Node B 's and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) [ 1 ] which make up the Universal Mobile ...