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The act of applying a thin film to a surface is thin-film deposition – any technique for depositing a thin film of material onto a substrate or onto previously deposited layers. "Thin" is a relative term, but most deposition techniques control layer thickness within a few tens of nanometres .
A simple cross-section schematic of the slot-die coating process. Slot-die coating is a coating technique for the application of solution, slurry, hot-melt, or extruded thin films onto typically flat substrates such as glass, metal, paper, fabric, plastic, or metal foils.
Various thin film characterization techniques can be used to measure the physical properties of PVD coatings, such as: Calo tester: coating thickness test; Nanoindentation: hardness test for thin-film coatings; Pin-on-disc tester: wear and friction coefficient test; Scratch tester: coating adhesion test
Limiting coating area is crucial in some applications, such as printing. "Roll-to-roll" or "web-based" coating is the process of applying a thin film of functional material to a substrate on a roll, such as paper, fabric, film, foil, or sheet stock. This continuous process is highly efficient for producing large volumes of coated materials ...
The simplest optical coatings are thin layers of metals, such as aluminium, which are deposited on glass substrates to make mirror surfaces, a process known as silvering. The metal used determines the reflection characteristics of the mirror; aluminium is the cheapest and most common coating, and yields a reflectivity of around 88%-92% over the ...
Thin-film optics is the branch of optics that deals with very thin structured layers of different materials. [1] In order to exhibit thin-film optics, the thickness of the layers of material must be similar to the coherence length ; for visible light it is most often observed between 200 and 1000 nm of thickness.
A crucial issue for a roll-to-roll thin-film cell production system is the deposition rate of the microcrystalline layer, and this can be tackled using four approaches: [5] very high frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (VHF-PECVD) microwave -PECVD; hot wire chemical vapour deposition (hot-wire CVD)
Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition is a thin film fabrication technique. The films are formed by depositing alternating layers of complementary materials with wash steps in between. This can be accomplished by using various techniques such as immersion, spin, spray, electromagnetism, or fluidics. [1]