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In fire protection engineering, the K-factor formula is used to calculate the volumetric flow rate from a nozzle. Spray nozzles can for example be fire sprinklers or water mist nozzles, hose reel nozzles, water monitors and deluge fire system nozzles.
In a nozzle or other constriction, the discharge coefficient (also known as coefficient of discharge or efflux coefficient) is the ratio of the actual discharge to the ideal discharge, [1] i.e., the ratio of the mass flow rate at the discharge end of the nozzle to that of an ideal nozzle which expands an identical working fluid from the same initial conditions to the same exit pressures.
Flow rate: flow rate has a direct effect on drop size. An increase in flow rate will increase the pressure drop and decrease the drop size, while a decrease in flow rate will decrease the pressure drop and increase the drop size. Spray angle: spray angle has an inverse effect on drop size.
It is common in wet scrubber terminology to express the liquid flow as a function of the gas flow rate that is being treated. This is commonly called the liquid-to-gas ratio ( L/G ratio ) and uses the units of gallons per 1,000 actual cubic feet or litres per cubic metre (L/m 3 ).
Using this term, one can calculate many things in the same way as for a round tube. When the cross-section is uniform along the tube or channel length, it is defined as [1] [2] =, where A is the cross-sectional area of the flow, P is the wetted perimeter of the cross-section.
Williams, Gardner Stewart; Hazen, Allen (1920), Hydraulic tables: the elements of gagings and the friction of water flowing in pipes, aqueducts, sewers, etc., as determined by the Hazen and Williams formula and the flow of water over sharp-edged and irregular weirs, and the quantity discharged as determined by Bazin's formula and experimental ...
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A fog nozzle. A fog nozzle is a firefighting hose spray nozzle that breaks its stream into small droplets.By doing so, its stream achieves a greater surface area, and thus a greater rate of heat absorption, which, when compared to that of a smoothbore nozzle, speeds its transformation into the steam that smothers the fire by displacing its oxygen.