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This is the first of two theorems (see Noether's second theorem) published by the mathematician Emmy Noether in 1918. [1] The action of a physical system is the integral over time of a Lagrangian function, from which the system's behavior can be determined by the principle of least action .
In accordance with Noether's second theorem, there is one-to-one correspondence between the gauge symmetries of a Lagrangian and the Noether identities which the Euler–Lagrange operator satisfies. Consequently, gauge symmetries characterize the degeneracy of a Lagrangian system. [5]
An application of the second isomorphism theorem identifies projective linear groups: for example, the group on the complex projective line starts with setting = (), the group of invertible 2 × 2 complex matrices, = (), the subgroup of determinant 1 matrices, and the normal subgroup of scalar matrices = {():}, we have = {}, where is ...
Noether identities need not be independent, but satisfy first-stage Noether identities, which are subject to the second-stage Noether identities and so on. Higher-stage Noether identities also are separated into the trivial and non-trivial once. A degenerate Lagrangian is called reducible if there exist non-trivial higher-stage Noether identities.
The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept of differentiating a function (calculating its slopes, or rate of change at each point in time) with the concept of integrating a function (calculating the area under its graph, or the cumulative effect of small contributions). Roughly speaking, the two operations can be ...
In mathematical analysis, Schwarz's theorem (or Clairaut's theorem on equality of mixed partials) [9] named after Alexis Clairaut and Hermann Schwarz, states that for a function : defined on a set , if is a point such that some neighborhood of is contained in and has continuous second partial derivatives on that neighborhood of , then for all i ...
Noether's theorem (or Noether's first theorem) Noether's second theorem; Noether normalization lemma; Noetherian rings; Nöther crater, on the far side of the Moon, named after Emmy Noether; Fritz Noether (1884–1941), professor at the University of Tomsk; Gottfried E. Noether (1915–1991), son of Fritz Noether, statistician at the University ...
Envelope theorem (calculus of variations) Isoperimetric theorem (curves, calculus of variations) Minimax theorem (game theory) Mountain pass theorem (calculus of variations) Noether's second theorem (calculus of variations, physics) Parthasarathy's theorem (game theory) Sion's minimax theorem (game theory) Tonelli's theorem (functional analysis)