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[2] [3] A 1948 graduate of MIT, Stanley Abkowitz (1927-2017) was a pioneer in the titanium industry and is credited for the invention of the Ti-6Al-4V during his time at the US Army’s Watertown Arsenal Laboratory in the early 1950s. [4] Titanium/Aluminum/Vanadium alloy was hailed as a major breakthrough with strategic military significance.
In 2016, ASTM officially withdrew specification A325 and replaced it with ASTM F3125. [3] To minimize confusion, bolt head markings are unchanged and the designation A325 is retained as a grade name within the new standard. [4] In 1951, A325 bolts were recognized as equivalent to a hot driven ASTM A141 rivet. [5]
The torque applied to the fastener must be determined such that it does not contribute to a service condition where the fastener enters a low-cycle fatigue regime. In general, the use of torque-to-yield fasteners is deprecated except in cases where the materials and structures comprising the entire assembly are certified to be within tolerances ...
The applied torque causes the bolt to "climb" the thread causing a tensioning of the bolt and an equivalent compression in the components being fastened by the bolt. The preload developed in a bolt is due to the applied torque and is a function of the bolt diameter, the geometry of the threads, and the coefficients of friction that exist in the ...
is the torque exerted by the spring in newton-meters, and is the angle of twist from its equilibrium position in radians κ {\displaystyle \kappa \,} is a constant with units of newton-meters / radian, variously called the spring's torsion coefficient , torsion elastic modulus , rate , or just spring constant , equal to the change in torque ...
[2] [3] The screw passes through a hole in another object or medium, with threads on the inside of the hole that mesh with the screw's threads. When the shaft of the screw is rotated relative to the stationary threads, the screw moves along its axis relative to the medium surrounding it; for example rotating a wood screw forces it into wood.
For example, a torque multiplier with a rating of 3:1 will turn its output shaft with three times the torque, but at one third the speed, of the input shaft. However, due to friction and other inefficiencies in the mechanism, the output torque is slightly lower than the theoretical output.
3. Flat washers with specified property classes [4] 5. Set screws and similar threaded fasteners not under tensile stresses [5] [6] 6. (Now withdrawn) Nuts with specified proof load values – Fine pitch thread [7] 7. Torsional test and minimum torques for bolts and screws with nominal diameters 1 mm to 10 mm [8]