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If this overwrites adjacent data or executable code, this may result in erratic program behavior, including memory access errors, incorrect results, and crashes. Exploiting the behavior of a buffer overflow is a well-known security exploit. On many systems, the memory layout of a program, or the system as a whole, is well defined.
A memory leak may also happen when an object is stored in memory but cannot be accessed by the running code (i.e. unreachable memory). [2] A memory leak has symptoms similar to a number of other problems and generally can only be diagnosed by a programmer with access to the program's source code.
Java theory and practice: Fixing the Java Memory Model, part 1 - An article describing problems with the original Java memory model. Java theory and practice: Fixing the Java Memory Model, part 2 - Explains the changes JSR 133 made to the Java memory model. Java Memory Model Pragmatics (transcript) The Java Memory Model links; Java internal ...
For example, the Rust programming language implements a borrow checker to ensure memory safety, [12] while C and C++ provide no memory safety guarantees. The substantial amount of software written in C and C++ has motivated the development of external static analysis tools like Coverity , which offers static memory analysis for C. [ 13 ]
Using non-owned memory: It is common to use pointers to access and modify memory. If such a pointer is a null pointer, dangling pointer (pointing to memory that has already been freed), or to a memory location outside of current stack or heap bounds, it is referring to memory that is not then possessed by the program. Using such pointers is a ...
Unreachable memory in systems that use manual memory management results in a memory leak. Some garbage collectors implement weak references. If an object is reachable only through either weak references or chains of references that include a weak reference, then the object is said to be weakly reachable.
In computer programming, a weak reference is a reference that does not protect the referenced object from collection by a garbage collector, unlike a strong reference.An object referenced only by weak references – meaning "every chain of references that reaches the object includes at least one weak reference as a link" – is considered weakly reachable, and can be treated as unreachable and ...
This is a special case of violation of memory safety. Buffer over-reads can be triggered, as in the Heartbleed bug, by maliciously crafted inputs that are designed to exploit a lack of bounds checking to read parts of memory not intended to be accessible. They may also be caused by programming errors alone.