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Performing a probabilistic risk assessment starts with a set of initiating events that change the state or configuration of the system. [3] An initiating event is an event that starts a reaction, such as the way a spark (initiating event) can start a fire that could lead to other events (intermediate events) such as a tree burning down, and then finally an outcome, for example, the burnt tree ...
An alternative that yields an identical answer is that the effective rate of protection equals (f i) / int, where: T f = the total tariff theoretically or actually paid on the final product T i = the total tariffs paid, theoretically or actually, on the importable inputs used to make that product.
Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a business, economics and investing term representing the mean annualized growth rate for compounding values over a given time period. [1] [2] CAGR smoothes the effect of volatility of periodic values that can render arithmetic means less meaningful. It is particularly useful to compare growth rates of ...
The sample covariance matrix (SCM) is an unbiased and efficient estimator of the covariance matrix if the space of covariance matrices is viewed as an extrinsic convex cone in R p×p; however, measured using the intrinsic geometry of positive-definite matrices, the SCM is a biased and inefficient estimator. [1]
The sample mean is thus more efficient than the sample median in this example. However, there may be measures by which the median performs better. For example, the median is far more robust to outliers , so that if the Gaussian model is questionable or approximate, there may advantages to using the median (see Robust statistics ).
Illustration of the partial payout of Sum Insured against probability of occurrence. Condition of average (also called underinsurance [1] in the U.S., or principle of average, [2] subject to average, [3] or pro rata condition of average [4] in Commonwealth countries) is the insurance term used when calculating a payout against a claim where the policy undervalues the sum insured.
The effective interest rate (EIR), effective annual interest rate, annual equivalent rate (AER) or simply effective rate is the percentage of interest on a loan or financial product if compound interest accumulates in periods different than a year. [1] It is the compound interest payable annually in arrears, based on the nominal interest rate ...
Cost escalation can be defined as changes in the cost or price of specific goods or services in a given economy over a period. This is similar to the concepts of inflation and deflation except that escalation is specific to an item or class of items (not as general in nature), it is often not primarily driven by changes in the money supply, and ...