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Prior to effacement, the cervix is like a long bottleneck, usually about four centimeters in length. Throughout pregnancy, the cervix is tightly closed and protected by a plug of mucus. Effacement is accompanied by cervical dilation. When the cervix effaces, the mucus plug is loosened and passes out of the vagina.
Other abnormalities include: vaginal adenosis, in which the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix becomes columnar; cancers such as clear cell adenocarcinomas; cervical ridges and hoods; and development of a cockscomb cervix appearance, [60] which is the condition wherein, as the name suggests, the cervix of the uterus is shaped like a ...
Effacement is usually complete or near-complete and dilation is about 5 cm by the end of the latent phase. [53] The degree of cervical effacement and dilation may be felt during a vaginal examination. Engagement of the fetal head. The active phase of labour has geographically differing definitions.
Conditions like glaucoma, macular degeneration, and corneal abrasions sometimes require medications to cure the condition, slow its progression, or prevent further complications.
In primigravid women, the cervix is typically tougher and resistant to stretching, much like a balloon that has not been previously inflated (it feels like the bottom of a chin). With subsequent vaginal deliveries, the cervix becomes less rigid and allows for easier dilation at term. Cervical effacement: 0-30% 40-50% 60-70% 80+%
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From that point, pressure from the presenting part (head in vertex births or bottom in breech births), along with uterine contractions, will dilate the cervix to 10 centimeters, which is "complete." Cervical dilation is accompanied by effacement, the thinning of the cervix. General guidelines for cervical dilation: Latent phase: 0–3 centimeters