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British Plant Gall Society; A Field Guide to Plant Galls of the North East U.S. Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine; To Be or Not To Be a Gall: The Story of Strange Growths on Plants Archived 2014-03-21 at the Wayback Machine; Insect Galls Archived 2020-11-09 at the Wayback Machine. Brandeis University "Common oak galls".
Galls induced by insects can be viewed as an extended phenotype of the inducing insect, and gall-inducing insects specialize on their host plants, often to a greater extent than insects that feed on the same plant without creating galls. [2] The gall's form or type depends on what organism is attacking the plant and where the plant is being ...
Cecidomyiidae is a family of flies known as gall midges or gall gnats. As the name implies, the larvae of most gall midges feed within plant tissue, creating abnormal plant growths called galls . Cecidomyiidae are very fragile small insects usually only 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) in length; many are less than 1 mm (0.039 in) long.
Aciurina bigeloviae Cotton-gall Tephritid; Aciurina thoracica Desert Broom Gallfly; Aciurina trixa Bubble-gall Tephritid; Cecidochares connexa Chromolaena Stem Gall Fly; Eurosta comma goldenrod
The Cecidomyiinae, commonly known as gall midges or gall gnats, is the largest subfamily in Cecidomyiidae with over 600 genera and more than 5000 described species. [1] Larvae of the other ( basal ) cecidomyiid subfamilies feed on fungi; whereas this subfamily is best known for its members that induce galls on plants.
Aceria fraxinivora, also known as the cauliflower gall mite and the ash key gall, causes the growths, known as galls, found on the hanging seeds or "keys" of the ash species. [ 4 ] Appearance and cause
An oak apple or oak gall is a large, round, vaguely apple-like gall commonly found on many species of oak. Oak apples range in size from 2 to 4 centimetres (1 to 2 in) in diameter and are caused by chemicals injected by the larva of certain kinds of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae .
Andricus foecundatrix (formerly Andricus fecundator) is a parthenogenetic gall wasp which lays a single egg within a leaf bud, using its ovipositor, to produce a gall known as an oak artichoke gall, oak hop gall, larch-cone gall or hop strobile [1] [2] The gall develops as a chemically induced distortion of leaf axillary or terminal buds on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) or sessile oak ...