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The evolution of bacteria on a "Mega-Plate" petri dish A list of antibiotic resistant bacteria is provided below. These bacteria have shown antibiotic resistance (or antimicrobial resistance). Gram positive Clostridioides difficile Clostridioides difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes diarrheal disease worldwide. Diarrhea caused by C. difficile can be life-threatening. Infections are ...
However, bacteria can also acquire resistance through transformation, as in Streptococcus pneumoniae uptaking of naked fragments of extracellular DNA that contain antibiotic resistance genes to streptomycin, [159] through transduction, as in the bacteriophage-mediated transfer of tetracycline resistance genes between strains of S. pyogenes ...
Antimicrobial resistance is genetically based; resistance is mediated by the acquisition of extrachromosomal genetic elements containing genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics. Examples of such elements include plasmids, transposable genetic elements, and genomic islands, which can be transferred between bacteria through horizontal ...
The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) is a biological database that collects and organizes reference information on antimicrobial resistance genes, proteins and phenotypes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The database covers all types of drug classes and resistance mechanisms and structures its data based on an ontology.
A selectable marker is a gene introduced into cells, especially bacteria or cells in culture, which confers one or more traits suitable for artificial selection.They are a type of reporter gene used in laboratory microbiology, molecular biology, and genetic engineering to indicate the success of a transfection or transformation or other procedure meant to introduce foreign DNA into a cell.
ESKAPE is an acronym comprising the scientific names of six highly virulent and antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens including: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. [1] The acronym is sometimes extended to ESKAPEE to include Escherichia coli. [2]
Bacteria are capable of sharing these resistance factors in a process called horizontal gene transfer where resistant bacteria share genetic information that encodes resistance to the naive population. [6] Antibiotic inactivation: bacteria create proteins that can prevent damage caused by antibiotics, they can do this in two ways.
The resistome was first used to describe the resistance capabilities of bacteria preventing the effectiveness of antibiotics . [4] [5] Although antibiotics and their accompanying antibiotic resistant genes come from natural habitats, before next-generation sequencing, most studies of antibiotic resistance had been confined to the laboratory. [6]