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Odenstedt, Bengt, On the Origin and Early History of the Runic Script, Uppsala (1990), ISBN 91-85352-20-9; chapter 20: 'The position of continental and Anglo-Frisian runic forms in the history of the older futhark ' Page, Raymond Ian (1999). An Introduction to English Runes. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-768-9.
The Svingerud Runestone (or Hole Runestone) is a sandstone object featuring Elder Futhark inscriptions found in a grave in Hole (west of Oslo), Norway.Radiocarbon dating indicates that the grave and the runestone date to between 1 and 250 CE, during the Roman Iron Age, making it the oldest datable runestone known in the world, and potentially the oldest known runic inscription. [1]
Its date is very early (3rd century) and it shows a mixture of runic and Latin letters, reading TᛁᛚᚨᚱᛁDᛊ or TIᛚᚨRIDS (the i, r and s letters being identical in the Elder Futhark and Latin scripts), and may thus reflect a stage of development before the runes became fixed as a separate script in its own right.
The Serenity Runes: Five Keys to the Serenity Prayer with co-author Susan Loughan (1998); reissued as The Serenity Runes: Five Keys to Spiritual Recovery (2005) utilizes runic divination as a method for assisting self-help and recovery from addictions; the title is a reference to the well-known Serenity prayer widely used in the 12-step program ...
In English, it is also common to call each futhark after its regional composition, since the original A-rune and K-rune shifted regionally through time: "Futhark" (ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚩᚱᚲ) can specify the Elder runic row, "Futhorc" (ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱᚳ) can specify the Anglo-Frisian runic row, and "Futhork" (ᚠᚢᚦᚯᚱᚴ) can specify the ...
The Snoldelev stone, one of the oldest runestones in Denmark. The tradition of raising stones that had runic inscriptions first appeared in the 4th and 5th century, in Norway and Sweden, and these early runestones were usually placed next to graves, [2] [3] though their precise function as commemorative monuments has been questioned. [4]
Eiwaz or Eihaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the rune ᛇ, coming from a word for "yew".Two variants of the word are reconstructed for Proto-Germanic, *īhaz (*ē 2 haz, from Proto-Indo-European *eikos), continued in Old English as ēoh (also īh), and *īwaz (*ē 2 waz, from Proto-Indo-European *eiwos), continued in Old English as īw (whence English yew).
The sundry runic scripts were well understood by the 19th century, when their analysis became an integral part of the Germanic philology and historical linguistics. Wilhelm Grimm published his Über deutsche Runen in 1821, where among other things he dwelt upon the " Marcomannic runes " (chapter 18, pp. 149–159).