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An autophagosome is a spherical structure with double layer membranes. [2] It is the key structure in macroautophagy , the intracellular degradation system for cytoplasmic contents (e.g., abnormal intracellular proteins , excess or damaged organelles , invading microorganisms).
First the phagophore engulfs the material that needs to be degraded, which forms a double membrane known as an autophagosome, around the organelle marked for destruction. [34] [42] The autophagosome then travels through the cytoplasm of the cell to a lysosome in mammals, or vacuoles in yeast and plants, [43] and the two organelles fuse. [34]
Omegasomes act as progenitors of autophagosome formation during the autophagy pathway. [14] There are various autophagosome mediators involved in autophagy, however it is the omegasome regulation of the pathway that provides a smooth transition of autophagosome formation, and enrichment of nutrients in the cells.
The autophagosome also fuses with lysosomes to degrade its contents. When M. tuberculosis inhibit phagosome acidification, Interferon gamma can induce autophagy and rescue the maturation process. [ 30 ]
MAP1LC3B is a member of the highly conserved ATG8 protein family. ATG8 proteins are present in all known eukaryotic organisms. The animal ATG8 family comprises three subfamilies: (i) microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3); (ii) Golgi-associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kDa (GATE-16); and (iii) γ-amino-butyric acid receptor-associate protein ().
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) refers to the chaperone-dependent selection of soluble cytosolic proteins that are then targeted to lysosomes and directly translocated across the lysosome membrane for degradation.
Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATG5 gene located on chromosome 6.It is an E3 ubi autophagic cell death.ATG5 is a key protein involved in the extension of the phagophoric membrane in autophagic vesicles.
Autophagic vacuolar myopathy (AVM) consists of multiple rare genetic disorders with common histological and pathological features on muscle biopsy. [1] The features highlighted are vacuolar membranes of the autophagic vacuoles having sarcolemmal characteristics and an excess of autophagic vacuoles. [2]