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A urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra, the tube connected to the bladder that allows urination. The narrowing reduces the flow of urine and makes it more difficult or even painful to empty the bladder. [1] Urethral stricture is caused by injury, instrumentation, infection, and certain non-infectious forms of urethritis. The ...
In medicine, a sound (/ s aʊ n d /), also called a sonde (/ s ɒ n d /), [help 1] is an instrument for probing and dilating passages within the body, the best-known examples of which are urethral sounds and uterine sounds.
[1] [2] Patients observe these symptoms and seek medical advice from healthcare professionals. Because most people are not diagnostically trained or knowledgeable, they typically describe their symptoms in layman's terms, rather than using specific medical terminology. This list is not exhaustive.
It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture). [ 3 ] Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia , prinzmetal angina ); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis ). [ 4 ]
Laryngotracheal stenosis is an umbrella term for a wide and heterogeneous group of very rare conditions. The population incidence of adult post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis which is the commonest benign sub-type of this condition is approximately 1 in 200,000 adults per year. [10] The main causes of adult laryngotracheal stenosis are:
In order to open the stricture, a surgeon can insert a bougie – a weighted tube used to dilate the constricted areas in the esophagus. [3] It can sometimes be treated with other medications. For example, an H2 antagonist (e.g. ranitidine) or a proton-pump inhibitor (e.g. omeprazole) can treat underlying acid reflux disease.
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For instance, Radiotherapy of cervical cancer can cause ureteric stricture in 2.2% of patients at 10 years. [3] Radiotherapy had been identified as a modality of treatment of several cancers in the pelvis and the abdomen which may lead to ureteric stricture formation among other urological adverse effects too such as radiation induced cystitis.