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The Jewish Encyclopedia connects the two civil wars raging during the last decades of the first century BC, one in Judea between the two Hasmonean brothers Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, and one in the Roman republic between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and describes the evolution of the Jewish population in Rome:
Julius Caesar is seen as the main example of Caesarism, a form of political rule led by a charismatic strongman whose rule is based upon a cult of personality, whose rationale is the need to rule by force, establishing a violent social order, and being a regime involving prominence of the military in the government. [292]
Fifteen years later, Julius Caesar visited the region and improved Jewish status, restoring some territories to Jewish control and appointing Hyrcanus as ethnarch. [26] Antigonus II Mattathias, Aristobolus's son, reclaimed Judaea's throne in 40 BCE with popular [27] and Parthian support. [28]
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The latter practice illustrates the Imperial genius as innate to its holder but separable from him as a focus of respect and cult, formally consistent with cult to the personification of ideas and ideals such as Fortune , peace or victory et al. in conjunction with the genius of the emperor, Senate or Roman people; Julius Caesar had showed his ...
When Julius Caesar and Pompey went to war in 49/48 BCE, Antipater at first sided with Pompey; when Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus, Antipater shifted his allegiance to Caesar. While Caesar was besieged in Alexandria in 47 BCE, Antipater and Mithridates of Pergamon rescued him with 13,000 men and the aid of numerous nearby friends.
In 49 BC Antipater prompted Hyrcanus to side with Julius Caesar during Caesar's Civil War. Following his victory, Caesar bestowed the title of ethnarch on Hyrcanus and epitropos (or Procurator) on Antipater. A few years later, Antipater appointed his sons Phasael and Herod military governors of Jerusalem and the Galilee respectively. [5]
"Hadrian stationed an extra legion in Judaea, renaming it Syria Palaestina." [3] This was following the defeat of the Bar Kokhba Revolt in 135.The Syria-based legion, Legio III Gallica, took part in the quelling of the revolt from 132 to 136, and in the aftermath, the emperor Hadrian renamed the province of Judea and its extra legion Syria Palaestina.