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  2. Verification bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_bias

    In clinical practice, verification bias is more likely to occur when a preliminary diagnostic test is negative. Because many gold standard tests can be invasive, expensive, and carry a higher risk (e.g. angiography, biopsy, surgery), patients and physicians may be more reluctant to undergo further work-up if a preliminary test is negative.

  3. Confirmation bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias

    Download as PDF; Printable version; ... or congeniality bias [2]) is the tendency to ... Self-verification is the drive to reinforce the existing self-image and self ...

  4. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many types of memory bias, including:

  5. Cross-validation (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)

    If such a cross-validated model is selected from a k-fold set, human confirmation bias will be at work and determine that such a model has been validated. This is why traditional cross-validation needs to be supplemented with controls for human bias and confounded model specification like swap sampling and prospective studies.

  6. Observational error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_error

    Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... This article needs additional citations for verification. ... This is known as attenuation bias. [10] See ...

  7. Illusion of validity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion_of_validity

    Illusion of validity is a cognitive bias in which a person overestimates their ability to interpret and predict accurately the outcome when analyzing a set of data, in particular when the data analyzed show a very consistent pattern—that is, when the data "tell" a coherent story. [1] [2]

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  9. Subjective validation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_validation

    In essence, subjective validation is a confirmation bias towards information that personally benefits one's self-esteem. Many of the validations that are given are not necessarily because they are true about recipients but because people wish it was true about themselves; [ 7 ] people tend to think of themselves in terms of values that are ...