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Anaerobic respiration is correspondingly less efficient than aerobic respiration. In the absence of oxygen, not all of the carbon-carbon bonds in glucose can be broken to release energy. A great deal of extractable energy is left in the waste products. Anaerobic respiration generally occurs in prokaryotes in environments that do not contain oxygen.
However, one gram of hydrogen reacts with 8 grams of oxygen to give water or with 35.5 grams of chlorine to give hydrogen chloride: hence 8 grams of oxygen and 35.5 grams of chlorine can be taken to be equivalent to one gram of hydrogen for the measurement of equivalent weights. This system can be extended further through different acids and bases.
[14] Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules, C6 is glucose C 6 H 12 O 6, C1 carbon dioxide CO 2. Mitochondrial outer membrane is omitted. According to some newer sources, the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose [14], because:
In thermolysis, water molecules split into hydrogen and oxygen. For example, at 2,200 °C (2,470 K; 3,990 °F) about three percent of all H 2 O are dissociated into various combinations of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, mostly H, H 2, O, O 2, and OH. Other reaction products like H 2 O 2 or HO 2 remain minor. At the very high temperature of 3,000 ...
Different hydrocarbon fuels have different contents of carbon, hydrogen and other elements, thus their stoichiometry varies. Oxygen makes up only 20.95% of the volume of air, and only 23.20% of its mass. [13] The air-fuel ratios listed below are much higher than the equivalent oxygen-fuel ratios, due to the high proportion of inert gasses in ...
The gram-atom is a former term for a mole of atoms, and gram-molecule for a mole of molecules. [ 7 ] Molecular weight (M.W.) (for molecular compounds) and formula weight (F.W.) (for non-molecular compounds), are older terms for what is now more correctly called the relative molar mass ( M r ). [ 8 ]
The standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), with [ H +] = 1 M works thus at a pH = 0. At pH = 7, when [ H +] = 10 −7 M, the reduction potential of H + differs from zero because it depends on pH. Solving the Nernst equation for the half-reaction of reduction of two protons into hydrogen gas gives: 2 H + + 2 e − ⇌ H 2
Assuming equal temperature and pressure for both gases, volume is proportional to moles, so twice as large a volume of hydrogen gas is produced as oxygen gas. The number of electrons pushed through the water is twice the number of generated hydrogen molecules and four times the number of generated oxygen molecules.